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About Livres

The livre tournois ("[Tours] [Pound (currency)]") was:

one of numerous currencies used in [France] in the [France in the Middle Ages]; and

a money of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in France in the Middle Ages and the [Early Modern France].

Circulating currency The denier tournois coin was initially minted by the abbey of Saint Martin in the [Tours] region of France. Soon after [Philip II of France] seized the counties of [Anjou] and [Tours] in 1203 and standardized the use of the livre tournois there, the livre tournois began to supersede the [livre parisis] (Paris pound) which had been up to that point the official coin of the [Capetian dynasty].

The livre tournois was, in common with the original [French livre] of Charlemagne, divided into 20 [solidus (coin)] (sous after 1715), each of which was divided into 12 [French denier].

Between 1360 and 1641, coins worth one livre tournois were minted, known as [French franc] (the name coming from the inscription "Johannes Dei Gratia Francorum Rex", "Jean, by the grace of God, King of the French"). Other francs were minted under [Charles V of France], [Henry III of France] and [Henry IV of France]. The use of the name "franc" became a synonym for livre tournois in accounting.

The first French paper money, issued between 1701 and 1720, was denominated in livres tournois (see "Standard Catalog of World Paper Money", Albert Pick). This was the last time the name was used officially, as later notes and coins were denominated simply in livres, the [livre parisis] having finally been abolished in 1667.

Accounting currency With many forms of domestic and international currency (with different weights, purities and quality) circulating throughout Europe in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, the use of an accounting currency became a financial necessity. In the world of international banking of the 13th century, it was the [florin] and [ducat] which were often used. In France, the livre tournois and the currency system based on it became a standard monetary unit of accounting and continued to be used even when the "livre tournois" ceased to exist as an actual coin.

The official use of the livre tournois accounting unit in all contracts in France was legislated in 1549, but it had been one of the standard units of accounting in France since the 13th century. In 1577 the livre tournois accounting unit was officially abolished and accountants switched to the [écu], which was at that time the major French gold coin in actual circulation, but in 1602 the livre tournois accounting unit was brought back. (A monetary unit of accounting based on the livre parisis continued to be used for minor uses in and around Paris and was not officially abolished until [1667] by [Louis XIV of France]).

Since coins in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Early modern period (the French [écu (coin)], [Louis (coin)], [teston d'argent], [denier], double, [franc]; the Spanish [doubloon], [pistole], [Spanish real]; the Italian [florin], [ducat] or [sequin (coin)]; the German [thaler]; the [Dutch gulden], etc.) did not have any indication of their value, their official value was determined by royal edicts. In cases of financial need, French kings could use the official value for [currency devaluation]. This could be done in two ways: (1) the amount of precious metal in a newly minted French coin could be reduced while nevertheless maintaining the old value in livres tournois or (2) the official value of a domestic or foreign coin in circulation could be increased. By reversing these techniques, currencies could be reinforced.

For example:

the worth of an écu d'or, a French gold coin, was changed from 60 sols to 57 sols in 1573.
to curb increasing use of the [Spanish real], its official worth was decreased to 4 sols 2 deniers in the 1570s.

Royal finance officers faced many difficulties. In addition to currency speculation, forgery and the intentional shaving of precious metal from coins (which was harshly punished), they had the difficult problem of setting values for gold, silver, copper and [billon] coins, responding to the often large influx of foreign coin and the appearance of inferior foreign coins of intentionally similar design. For more on these issues, see [Monetary policy] and [Gresham's Law].

See also

[French livre]
[Livre parisis] (Paris pound)
[French franc]
[Louis (coin)]
[Luxembourgish livre]
[Écu (coin)]
[Roman currency]

Information Reference: Wikipedia.org

How much is 500 Livres in U.S. dollars?

Q) I have a Bill from "Banque Du Liban" and its 500 Livres and I want to know how much it is in U.S. dollars. can you also tell me how you know, or how you found out?

A) Live rates at 2007.06.21 00:55:16 UTC 500.00 Lebanon Pounds (Livres) = 0.330688 United States Dollars 1 LBP = 0.000661376 USD 1 USD = 1,512.00 LBP Universal currency converter available at the website below:

1000 mille livres is how much in dollars? the money is written in arabic words and nos.?

Q) Its written banque du liban .

A) The 1000 Lebanese Livre(or Lira or Pound) is equivalent to about US$0.66. It's the smallest denomination banknote currently in circulation in Lebanon.

how much is 1000 mille livres in dollars? the money is from banque du liban.?

A) Since exchange rates change daily the best thing would be to look up the rate on the website. And then do calculations. It seems that according to current rate 1,000.00 ITL = 0.693501 USD However, lire has become obsolete. And it has been replaced by Euro.

how many american dollars is for 10,000 livres? (roman money)?

Q) i need this asap i am at school need 4 a project befor 12:55

A) go to www.xe.com. It's an international currency converter.

Why poor people in France resented the rich? (Please Explain your answer.)?

Q) Study sources A, B, and C together. Source A: The Peasant, shown carrying the burden of maintaining the feudal lords and the clergy. The caption reads "One hopes this will end soon" Source B: An Englishman's view of French peasants, 1787 - 1790. "I was joined by a poor woman who complained of the times. Her husband had only a morsel of land, one cow and a poor horse. But they had to pay 20kg of wheat and three chickens as feudal dues to one lord, and 60kg of oats, one chicken and five pence to another, along with very heavy taxes and feudal dues are crushing us." (Travels in France - Arthur Young, 1792) Source C: Yearly incomes compared. Archbishop of Paris - 50,000 livres Marquis de Mainvillette - 20,000 livres Prince de Conti - 14,000 livres A Paris priest - 10,000 livres A typical village priest - 750 livres A master carpenter - 200 livres (The livres was replaced by the franc in 1795. In the 1780s, there were about 4 livres to "E"1.)

A) Poor people everywhere resent the rich. They blame them for their problems because it is easier to blame others than to accept the blame themselves.

C0mpare livre to us dollars.?

Q) 'livre' was the currency used in the time of Marie Antoinette.

A) idk but livre means "book" in french and i feel smart for sayin that woooooooo

A question about French?

Q) What does the word " y" refer to in the following sentences: Tu parles des mathematiques, je n'y comprends rien. y= sur les mathematiques? Also in this sentence, Je craines que les livres ne soiet ecrits en jargon et que je n'y comprenne rien. y= dans les livres? Can I just say 'je ne comprends rien' or je 'ne comprenne rien'? Sorry about the bad typing; I don't have a french keyboard. ne soient ecrits*

A) You are correct that the "y" in French refers to math. In the second sentence, the "y" refers to the books written in jargon. You can say, je ne comprends rien but that means "I don't understand anything" which doesn't directly refer to math or the books. The whole idea of the pronoun "y" is that is refers to what was previously mentioned. Hope that helps.

Help me please?

Q) 1: Qu'est-ce qu'il y a (What is there) sous le bras droit du professeur? Il y a un chapeau. Il y a un livre. Il n'y a rien. (There is nothing.) 2: Qu'est-ce qu'il y a sous le bras gauche du professeur? Il y a un papier. Il y a un chapeau. Il n'y a rien. 3: Où est la pipe? La pipe est dans la poche du professeur. Le pipe est derrière des livres. La pipe est sur la table. 4: Où est la règle? La règle est sous le pied droit du professeur. La règle est sous le pied gauche du professeur. Il n'y a pas de (There is no) règle! 5: Où sont les clés? Les clés sont sur le plancher (floor). Les clés sont dans la boîte. Les clés sont sur la table. 6: Qu'est-ce qu'il y a dans la main droite du professeur? Il a un stylo dans la main droite. Il a un chapeau dans la main droite. Il n'y a rien. 7: Qu'est-ce qu'il y a sous la table? Il y a un soulier. Il y a deux chiens (dogs). Il y a deux souris (mice).

A) Ii n'y a pas des photo que quelqu'un voit et repond c'est

In the book Les Miserables, Shellac and Turpentine are cheaper than Resin and soot. How can this be?

Q) I'm converting the book into a game, and this part doesn't seem to make sense. Jean Valjean makes his fortune by finding a cheaper way to make the wax used in making jewelry,. He says "The wax was formerly made with resin and lampblack [soot], and cost four livres the pound. I invented a way of making it with gum shellac and turpentine. It does not cost more than thirty sous [less than two livres], and is much better." Turpentine is made from resin, so surely should be just as expensive? And shellac comes from an Asian beetle, so how is that cheaper than soot? Thanks in advance for any light you can shed on the matter.

A) I may be way off base here, but maybe the different (ingredients made the process of making the wax cheaper and less labor intensive. So even if the ingredients themselves were more expensive, less time, labor, and equipment were needed, which saved money in the end.

Brazilian Luta Livre Esportiva vs. Gracie Jiu Jitsu?

A) It get's a lil compicated... The Gracies claim that BJJ is directly derived from traditional Japanese Jiu-jitsu. In actuality it is derived from pre-WWII Judo. Luta Livra according to Hugo Duarte uses no gi and is based on freestyle wrestling and incorporates Judo submissions and boxing (to learn to deal with a striker more than for the striking itself). BJJ is the older of the 2 by about 20 years and therefore by the time they had their fued had a larger and deeper talent pool to draw from. Both sides had many good fighters but if a winner can be claimed I guess you'd have to say it was BJJ but again they had a significantly deeper talent pool.